25 June 2020 - The illegal wildlife trade is a major transnational organised crime, which generates billions of criminal proceeds each year. The Financial Action Task Force (FATF) has conducted a new study to provide guidance to countries on measures they can take to combat money laundering from the illegal wildlife trade.

當地時間2020年6月25日報道。非法販賣野生動物（IWT）是一項重大的跨國有組織犯罪，每年產生的犯罪收益高達數十億美元。金融行動特別工作組（FATF）進行了一項新的研究，為各國采取措施打擊非法販賣野生動物領域的洗錢活動提供指引。

Wildlife traffickers exploit weaknesses in the financial and non-financial sectors, to move, hide and launder their proceeds, enabling further wildlife crimes and damaging financial integrity. One of the most effective ways to identify the broader criminal networks and take the profit out of this crime, is to follow the financial trails of wildlife traffickers.

野生動物販運者利用金融和非金融行業的薄弱環節來轉移、隱藏和清洗犯罪收益，這使野生動物犯罪進一步加劇，并破壞金融體系完整性。要想找出更廣泛的犯罪網絡并使其無法從中獲利，最有效的方法之一就是跟蹤野生動物販運者的金融線索。

Despite the significant criminal gains involved, countries and private sector are not prioritising efforts to trace and combat financial flows from this trade in line with risk. To combat the financial flows from the illegal wildlife trade, countries should therefore as a priority:

盡管所涉犯罪收益數額巨大，但各國政府和私營部門并未根據風險狀況優先開展追蹤和打擊非法販賣野生動物相關資金流的行動。因此，為了打擊非法販賣野生動物相關資金流，各國政府應當優先開展以下行動：

·         Identify and assess their money laundering risks relating to the illegal wildlife trade.

·         識別和評估該國面臨的與非法販賣野生動物有關的洗錢風險。

·         Ensure that national laws and powers for law enforcement allow authorities to go after the finances of wildlife traffickers, and to pursue financial investigations.

·         確保國家法律和執法權力允許當局追查野生動物販運者的資金流，并進行金融調查。

The private sector also has an important role to play in combatting financial flows from IWT. This study therefore identifies good practices and risk indicators to assist private sector and countries to identify potential suspicious financial activity for the illegal wildlife trade.

私營部門在打擊非法販賣野生動物相關資金流方面也可以發揮重要作用。因此，本研究查明了好的做法和風險指標，以幫助私營部門和各國政府識別潛在的非法販賣野生動物可疑金融活動。

This is the FATF’s first global report on this topic. It draws on inputs and case studies from over 50 countries from across the FATF Global Network and observers, as well as civil society and the United for Wildlife (UfW) Financial Taskforce.

作為FATF關于非法販賣野生動物的首份全球報告，本報告借鑒了FATF全球網絡和觀察員組織50多個國家、以及社會團體和野生動物保護聯盟（UfW）金融特別工作組的意見和案例研究。

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

執行摘要

1. The illegal wildlife trade (IWT) is a major transnational organised crime, which generates billions of criminal proceeds each year. IWT fuels corruption, threatens biodiversity, and can have a significant negative impact on public health and the economy. To move, hide and launder their proceeds, wildlife traffickers exploit weaknesses in the financial and non-financial sectors, enabling further wildlife crimes and damaging financial integrity. Despite this, jurisdictions rarely investigate the financial trail left by this crime.

1、非法販賣野生動物（IWT）是一項重大的跨國有組織犯罪，每年產生的犯罪收益高達數十億美元。非法販賣野生動物滋生腐敗，威脅生物多樣性，并可能對公共衛生和經濟產生重大負面影響。野生動物販運者利用金融和非金融行業的薄弱環節來轉移、隱藏和清洗犯罪收益，這使野生動物犯罪進一步加劇，并破壞金融體系完整性。盡管如此，鮮有司法管轄區調查野生動物犯罪留下的金融線索。

2. The Financial Action Task Force (FATF), as the global standard setter on anti-money laundering (AML), countering the financing of terrorism (CFT) and countering proliferation financing (CPF), is concerned about the lack of focus on the financial aspects of this crime, and has conducted this study to support jurisdictions to combat related money laundering. The FATF Standards (i.e. 40 Recommendations) provide a useful framework for jurisdictions to address these threats by strengthening their national laws, policies, and co-operation at the domestic and international level.

2、作為反洗錢、反恐怖融資和反擴散融資全球標準制定者，金融行動特別工作組（FATF）對各司法管轄區缺乏對野生動物犯罪金融方面的關注表示關切，并進行了本研究，以支持各司法管轄區打擊相關洗錢活動。FATF標準（即40項建議）向各司法管轄區提供了通過強化國內法律、政策及國內和國際層面的合作來應對這些威脅的有用的框架。

3. This is the FATF’s first global report on IWT. It builds on previous studies by two of the FATF-Style Regional Bodies (FSRBs), work by other international bodies and recent initiatives by the private sector. This study by the FATF makes a unique contribution by assessing the money laundering (ML) aspects of wildlife crimes, and by demonstrating how jurisdictions should apply the FATF standards to combat IWT. The findings in this report are based on inputs from around 50 jurisdictions across the FATF Global Network, as well as expertise from the private sector and civil society.

3、作為FATF關于非法販賣野生動物的首份全球報告，本報告以兩個區域性反洗錢組織（FSRB）的前期研究、其他國際組織的工作及私營部門最近的舉措為基礎。本研究在評估野生動物犯罪的洗錢風險和展示各司法管轄區應當如何運用FATF標準來打擊非法販賣野生動物方面作出了獨特的貢獻。本報告的調查結果是基于FATF全球網絡約50個司法管轄區的意見、以及私營部門和社會團體的專業知識。

4. This study highlights that jurisdictions should view the proceeds generated by IWT as a global threat, rather than as a problem only for those jurisdictions where wildlife is illegally harvested, transited, or sold. In particular, criminals are frequently misusing the legitimate wildlife trade, as well as other import-export type businesses, as a front to move and hide illegal proceeds from wildlife crimes. They also rely regularly on corruption, complex fraud and tax evasion. Another key theme of this study is the growing role of online marketplaces and mobile and social media-based payments to facilitate movement of proceeds from wildlife crimes. These trends highlight the increasing importance of a coordinated response from public authorities, the private sector and civil society to identify and disrupt financial flows from IWT.

4、本研究強調，各司法管轄區應當將非法販賣野生動物產生的犯罪收益視為一種全球威脅，而不僅僅是那些野生動物被非法捕獵、轉運或出售的司法管轄區自己的問題。特別是，犯罪分子經常濫用合法的野生動物貿易和其他進出口貿易，作為轉移和隱藏野生動物犯罪非法收益的幌子。他們還經常依賴腐敗、復雜的欺詐和逃稅。本研究的另一個關鍵主題是，在線市場和基于社交媒體的移動支付在促進野生動物犯罪收益轉移方面發揮著越來越大的作用。這些趨勢表明，公共當局、私營部門和社會團體采取協調應對措施以識別和破壞非法販賣野生動物相關資金流的重要性日益增加。

5. As in prior studies, the FATF has found that despite IWT’s global impact, public and private sectors in many jurisdictions have to date not prioritised combatting the financial flows connected to IWT in line with risk. Jurisdictions often do not have the knowledge, legislative basis, and resources required to assess and combat the threat posed by these funds. This limited focus on the financial side of IWT has largely prevented jurisdictions from being able to identify and sanction IWT networks.

5、與以往的研究一樣，FATF發現，盡管非法販賣野生動物具有全球影響，但迄今為止，許多司法管轄區的公共和私營部門并未根據風險狀況優先開展打擊非法販賣野生動物相關資金流的行動。各司法管轄區往往不具備評估和打擊這些資金流構成的威脅所需的知識、法律基礎和資源。缺乏對非法販賣野生動物金融方面的關注，在很大程度上阻礙了各司法管轄區識別和制裁非法販賣野生動物網絡。

6. To address these challenges, jurisdictions should consider implementing the following good practices that were observed during the study:

6、為應對這些挑戰，各司法管轄區應當考慮執行本研究進行期間發現的以下好的做法：

·         Prioritise combatting the financial flows associated with IWT proportionate to risk.

·         根據風險狀況優先開展打擊非法販賣野生動物相關資金流的行動。

·         Provide all relevant agencies with the necessary mandate and tools to conduct successful financial investigations into IWT.

·         向所有相關機構提供必要的授權和工具，以便對非法販賣野生動物進行成功的金融調查。

·         Improve co-ordination between authorities responsible for combatting wildlife crimes and those responsible for conducting financial investigations to ensure authorities more regularly exchange information and follow the financial trail.

·         改善負責打擊野生動物犯罪的當局與負責進行金融調查的當局之間的協調，以確保當局更有規律地交換信息和跟蹤金融線索。

·         Cooperate with other jurisdictions, relevant international organisations and the private sector to combat IWT.

·         與其他司法管轄區、相關國際組織及私營部門合作，共同打擊非法販賣野生動物。

7. A comprehensive list of proposed actions to strengthen measures to tackle the financial flows associated with IWT is included on pages 58 to 60 of this report.

7、本報告第58至60頁列出了建議采取的強化應對非法販賣野生動物相關資金流的措施的完整清單。

8. This study greatly improves the FATF Global Network’s understanding of the financial flows from IWT, including through presenting IWT risk indicators on pages 60 to 62 relevant for public authorities and the private sector. However, there is still work to be done. This report shows the need to further improve the FATF Global Network’s collective understanding of the risk relating to IWT, including work on the role of non-financial entities in combatting IWT financial flows, greater understanding of the differing geographic supply chains, and good practices to address unique challenges in managing assets recovered during wildlife crime investigations.

8、本研究通過在第60至62頁提出與公共當局和私營部門相關的非法販賣野生動物風險指標等一系列措施，極大地提高了FATF全球網絡對非法販賣野生動物相關資金流的理解。然而，我們需要做的事情還有很多。本報告顯示了進一步提高FATF全球網絡對非法販賣野生動物相關風險的整體理解的必要性，包括就非金融機構在打擊非法販賣野生動物相關資金流方面的作用開展工作、更好地理解不同地域的供應鏈、以及解決對野生動物犯罪調查期間追回資產進行管理的獨特挑戰的好的做法。

9. It is essential that jurisdictions maintain their focus on IWT financial flows to achieve meaningful progress in addressing the challenges identified in this study.

9、至關重要的是，各司法管轄區必須保持對非法販賣野生動物相關資金流的關注，以便在應對本研究查明的挑戰方面取得實質性進展。

（注：本文封面圖片來源于FATF官方網站。）